Per‑ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a big family of chemicals, commonly belonging to "forever chemicals" due to their ability to remain in the environment and our bodies for decades. They've been in production since the 1940s in products such as nonstick pans, stain‑resistant carpets, waterproof apparel, and firefighting foams. These chemicals are not easily broken down and accumulate in water, soil, animals, and humans over a long period of time.
Scientists attribute PFAS exposure to several health issues, among them liver injuries, impaired immunity, thyroid disease, birth defects, and some cancers. Virtually everyone today has some PFAS in their bloodstream. Research indicates that PFOA and PFOS—the most researched PFAS—have risks even at parts‑per‑trillion concentrations.
PFAS are everywhere. But since they're so long-lasting, they seep into rivers, lakes, groundwater even areas that are far away from factories. In New Hampshire, as example, soil samples in areas without any clear pollution still exhibit high PFAS content, presumably due to air deposition.
Environmental justice means making sure all communities have clean water, proper cleanup, and protection from future harm. In April 2024, for the first time in history, the EPA established national drinking water limits for PFAS. These rules establish a maximum contaminant level of 4 ppt for PFOA and PFOS. In Spring 2024, EPA classified PFOA and PFOS as "hazardous substances" under Superfund (CERCLA).
Low-income communities face the greatest risks due to poor infrastructure and limited resources. The EPA proposes $9 billion up front for PFAS treatment and $12 billion more for comprehensive water infrastructure to assist communities that cannot upgrade their systems through their own efforts.