PFAS: What They Are and How to Deal with Them

PFAS stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. These are man-made chemicals that have been used in industry and consumer products since the 1940s. They are called "forever chemicals" because they do not break down easily in the environment or in the human body. PFAS are found in many everyday items including non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics and carpets, food packaging, and some firefighting foams.

PFAS can enter the environment through manufacturing facilities, wastewater treatment plants, and the use of consumer products. Once released, PFAS can contaminate soil, water, and air. They can also accumulate in fish and wildlife. Because PFAS do not break down, they can build up over time in the environment and in living organisms, including humans.

Exposure to PFAS can occur through drinking contaminated water, eating contaminated food, using products containing PFAS, or breathing contaminated air. Workers in industries that manufacture or use PFAS may have higher exposure levels. Once PFAS enter the body, they can remain there for many years. Studies have linked PFAS exposure to various health effects including increased cholesterol levels, decreased vaccine response in children, changes in liver enzymes, increased risk of high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia in pregnant women, and small decreases in infant birth weights.

The EPA has taken several steps to address PFAS contamination. In 2024, the agency announced final enforceable maximum contaminant levels for PFOA and PFOS in drinking water. Public water systems must monitor for these chemicals and take action to reduce levels if they exceed the standards. The EPA has also provided funding to help communities test for and remove PFAS from drinking water. Additionally, the agency is working to restrict the use of certain PFAS in new products and is supporting research into methods for cleaning up contaminated sites.

Individuals can take steps to reduce their exposure to PFAS. This includes using water filters certified to remove PFAS, avoiding products with stain-resistant or water-repellent coatings, and choosing fresh or frozen foods over packaged foods that may contain PFAS in the packaging. People who are concerned about PFAS exposure can contact their local water utility to learn about testing results in their area.